ranjan

A Reserve currency is the one which is held in significant quantities by the Govts. as part of their foreign exchange reserves and is commonly used in international transactions, investments and all aspects of Global economy. The purpose of  Reserve currency is to be a currency of last resort i.e. Trust - used in international transactions. In order to be a good reserve, currency should be - Liquid - Easily sold & purchased in Market. Deep - Large amounts can be transacted without affecting the price of currency. Since 1944, when nations around the world ratified Bretton Woods agreement, Gold backed  U.S. Dollar has been the most dominant currency of the world. People prefer to use Dollars as it was trusted since U.S. always paid back its Debts - Term full faith & credit on every federal reserve bill. The U.S. economy benefits from a currency which greases the wheels of Global financial system. The strength of U.S. economy supports value of its currency. Aroun...

Elections in India have been the largest electoral exercise in the world ever since 1952 when first elections were held. Elections are defined in four phases of its process namely - Campaign, Vote, Announcements of results and subsequent formation of Govt. Survey research of election reflects close relationship between media & politics. Debates around study of possible elections results involve political and scientific arguments which sometimes are difficult to disentangle. Some focus on historical depths and some on quantities and qualities of methods adopted by political parties. In 1950, there were virtually no market research organisations in India and the dominance of Congress diminished any incentive to develop political polls. The survey started from 1989-90 polls which started with State level elections and later linked to Pre-poll survey on National level elections. At present, we see a surprisingly dramatic change in the pace and direction of election debates. ...

The right to privacy is a developed area of law in Europe. In 1980, OECD - Organisation of Economic Development issued guidelines governing protection of Privacy & Trans-border flows of personal data. These guidelines were however, not binding and data privacy laws varied across Europe. In April 2016, GDPR -General Data Protection Regulation was agreed upon by European Union (to be established by May 2018). The purpose of GDPR is to impose a uniform Data Security law on all EU members so that they need not write its own data protection laws. The five benefits to focus on adopting GDPR are- 1) Improve Data Management with Data subject rights. 2) Enhance Cyber security, cross border data transfer, Breach of security. 3) Increase market returns on Investment. 4) Accountability and loyalty, Training and awareness. 5) Third party vendor Management, Notice and consent. Under GDPR, if an entity offers goods & services to any business/person in EU and collects and process...

The growth of different sectors in the economy is balanced through the financial system. The financial system funds the sectors by providing funds for industrial, agriculture and services sector. The three major functions of financial system are:- 1)  Liquidity provision - Banks and financial services offer to buy and sell securities as per      need and in large amounts to fill the usual and sudden requirements of stake holders. 2)  Credit provision - Govt. invests in infra - structure projects by correcting spending,       and reducing the cycles of tax revenues. Individuals can purchase homes and business       can invest more than the cash they have and other utilities without saving entire amount       in advance. Banks and other financial services provide credit facilities  to the stake       holders. 3)   Risk Management Service - Finance provides Risk management from r...

India is the 7th largest country with land mass of 3.30 Million Square Kms. and second largest in population of over 1.2 Billion, accounts for 17.2% of world population. The country has to produce about one Trillion worth of GDP to fulfill needs of its population. In order to produce this one Trillion worth of output, India needs 2.5 Million of Barrels of oil per day which is 4.4% of total world demand for oil. This ever growing demand creates profound influence on growth and inflation levels in India. International oil prices is to effect the domestic prices. The administered price mechanism had shielded the country from impact of oil shocks. CURRENT POSITION Government of India has given up the administered price mechanism in oil sector and linked oil prices in June 2010 and Diesel prices in Oct. 2014 with international oil prices. Oil prices certainly affects Indian economy where US Dollars is the acceptable currency in international market. The impact has been assumed...

Artificial Intelligence & Machine learning saw a great spike in past few years, whether it is due to Partnerships, In-house Developments, Acquisitions. Large financial institutions around the world has been involved in bringing Artificial Intelligence into operations and customer facing functions. It has opened up a world of possibilities for Application developers. As machines continue to learn and analyze data, financial institutions can capitalize in various areas to enhance productivity and ultimately profitability. Machine learning and Artificial intelligence can effortlessly consume data and expedite at large levels. A.I.has several applications in banking sector of which the main are - 1. AMP (Anti Money Laundering) Pattern- Refers to sets of procedures, laws or regulations     designed to stop practice of generating income through illegal actions In most cases. most     of major banks throughout are shifting from role based software to A.I. bas...

Fraud has been a major issue for financial institutions since long. As the global transactions have increased, danger has too. Artificial intelligence has significant potential to reduce as financial automatic detection & machine learning tools becomes more powerful.The speed at which losses occur in financial frauds takes place makes fraud detection techniques increasingly important. An additional benefit of a more powerful model of Artificial intelligence is its ability to use wide data continuously for different customers of their transactions for accurate comparison. Thus, as life, circumstances & spending habits of customer changes, model would automatically adjust what it views as fraudulent transactions and so exercise control on such transactions and minimize frauds. Financial systems are interlinked with Buyers,Sellers,Service providers, Banks & criminals attack the weakest link to infiltrate systems and make fraudulent purchases and claims. Fraudster...

Further to submission in my previous note on the subject, given below is brief of what can be achieved as also taken care of  by use of Artificial Intelligence systems - 1)  Chances of error is almost nil and greater precision and accuracy is achieved. 2)  Fraud detection is possible in Smart cards-based systems and is employed in Banks and      financial institutions & manage records. Lacking emotional side, Robots can think logically      and take right decisions.without associating with the mood which effects Humans efficiency. 3) Can be used to explore Space. They are machines and have the ability to adapt in a manner     that Planetary atmosphere do not effect physical state and functioning. 4) Used to dig for Fuels & other mining purposes.They can be harnessed to explore depths      of oceans and can be used in overcoming the limitations that humans have. They can do      laborio...

The founder of Artificial intelligence was Prof. John Mccarthy, an American Computer scientist at Stanford university, USA. He along with Prof. Newell and Prof. Simon designed the modern first Artificial Intelligence program in a conference held at Dartsmouth in 1955.  A true Artificial Intelligence system is the one which can learn on its own. It is all about the networking which can make connections and reach meanings without relying on Pre-defined behavioral algorithms. True A.I. can improve on past iterations, getting smarter & more aware, allowing it to enhance its capabilities and knowledge.       It is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines i.e. by computers. The machines are designed and programmed in such a manner that they can think and act like a human being. Artificial intelligence is becoming important part of our daily life since this technology is used in a wide area of day today services. The processes includes Learni...

India is the major exporter of goods and services throughout the world. The reason for exports to, say for example to USA is because of currency difference since exporting goods generate huge amount of Foreign Reserves. A review to draw a comparison if both Rupee and the Dollar are kept at the same level shall reflect the following effects -  1. Decline in Exports - If one consignment of shoes to be exported costs Rs.10,000/- which is      equal to 10,000 Dollars, then why would anybody will like to send it? Because earnings will      remain same. Moreover, it will discourage exporters' community as well Such activity have     some dangers and harms also. Currency fluctuates mainly with different economic cycles,     purchasing power and market forces besides other factors. Not exporting will mean no dollars     in India which will effect international payments capacity, contingencies or unexpected capital  ...

It is evident and the results have shown that Govt. is making efforts in managing inflation and provide Social Services to the public e.g. providing Gas connections, light, power,education, health to quote a few and extending other benefits as well. It proves to be a fact that anything seems impossible unless it is done, and Govt. has done it. At the same time , it is a matter of concern to just draw a balance between GST and Fuel prices. In fact, both these tools play significant role in building the economy. As on date, it has now come to a level of negating the effects of Govt. efforts to control inflation which is the need of time. Following exercise will bring in more clarity to the functions of GST and Fuel prices - - GST - As is understood, GST was implemented for the purpose to cover entire trade under one              tax regime throughout. The rates are fixed/ reviewed /revised by the council which was         ...

Australia was a founder member of commonwealth in 1931 when its independence was recognized under the statute of Westminster. Australia has a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy. There are three countries presently which divide the continent of  Australia as - Australia, New Zealand and Papua new Guinea. There are eight main cities which are playing a prominent role in the growth of its economy. These are - Sydney, Brisbane, Melbourne, Canberra, Adelaide, Hobart, Darwin and Perth.    The economy of Australia is a large mixed-market economy. The country is the second wealthiest nation in terms of wealth per adult after Switzerland. The economy is dominated by its service sector comprising 61.1% of GDP employing 79.2% of labor force in 2016. It has four main features of its growth being Trade, Manufacturing, Services and Financing. The description of Australia was reasonably fair in first century of European settlement when wool exports was supr...

Switzerland is a land locked mountainous country in South Central Europe bordered by Austria, France, Germany, Italy and Liechtenstein. About two-third of Switzerland is covered with forests, lakes and mountains. It has no mineral resources and thus depends upon imports, processes and resells them as products. The capital city is Bern, and Zurich, Geneva, Basel, St. Gallen are among the famous 20 cities of Switzerland. The currency is called as Swiss franc. Mostly spoken languages are German, French & Italian in different regions as well. Switzerland's independence and neutrality have been honored by major European powers and it was not involved in any of the two World wars.Its neutrality was acknowledged about 200 years back by a treaty of Paris.  The economy of Switzerland is one of world's advanced economies. The service sector plays significant role particularly Banking, Insurance and Tourism industry employing more than 75% of its works force. The country i...

Human habitation of Bombay existed since stone age. Kolis (Marathi Fishing community) were earlier known settlers of Bombay Islands. Later, Maurya empire gained control in 3rd century & transformed it into a center of Hindu and Buddhist culture and religion.Thereafter, the islands came under control of different rulers between 3rd to 13th century. Muslim rulers of Gujarat captured islands in 1348 and governed up to 1534. Present day city was an extensive group of 7 islands of Bombay Island, Parel, Mazagaon, Mahim, Colaba, Worli and Little Colaba with open sea, green vegetation and good views of landscapes on west side of coast. Portugese called it as "Bom Bahia" which translates into "Good Bay" in Portugese. The name of Mumbai is derived from Koli Goddess -"Mumba Devi" in 1507.  Portugese reached India in 1498 when Vasco Da Gama landed at Calicut. They established strong foothold in Goa which they captured from Sultan of Bijapur in 1510. The...

Kuwait is an Arab, independent, fully Sovereign state. The religion of the state is Islam and Islamic law shall be the main source of legislation.It has nine main cities with Kuwait city as capital. The constitution of Kuwait was created by Constitutional assembly in 1961-62 and signed into law in Nov. 1952 by Emir, the commander of military of Kuwait.  Kuwait is a geographically small petroleum- based progressive  economy. Kuwaiti Dinar is the highest value unit currency in the world.Non-petroleum industries include financial services. National Bank of Kuwait was established in 1952 which is now largest financial institution in Kuwait. Kuwait is the fourth richest country in the world per capita. It is the second richest GCC (Gulf co-operation council) country per capita. Kuwait has oil reserves of about 102 billion barrels -more than 6% of world's reserves. Petroleum accounts for over half of GDP - 92% export revenues and 90% of Govt. income.  By 19th and 20th...

Brunei is a small country situated on North Western edge of Island of Borneo, a part of Indonesia and Malaysia. Brunei occupies 5770 sq. Kms. with a population of around five lakhs. It is the 3rd largest oil producer in South Eat Asia averaging about 1.80 million barrels of per day and 9th largest producer of Natural gas in the world. It is a country with wealthy economy and is mixture of foreign and domestic entrepreneurs, Govt. regulations, welfare measure and village traditions. It is totally supported by exports of crude oil & gas with revenues for half of its GDP. Substantial income from overseas investments supplements from domestic production. Govt. provides for all medical services at no charge and food and housing.There is no personal income tax or Capital gains tax rather companies meeting certain criteria can have pioneer status getting exemptions for income tax up to 5 years depending upon the amount invested. After its independence in 1984, it became member o...

Strawberries are most popular small fruit grown in home gardens. They are rich in minerals and vitamins. They have 18 different Amino acids loaded with flavonoids. They are relatively easy to grow and they can fit in small spaces or fill huge garden plots. Growing strawberries does not require any specialized equipment. They can be grown in a pot, container, deck, porch or balcony. The biggest benefit of strawberries is their perennial nature. One can reap rewards for years after planting Strawberries with minimal effort. After planting year with proper care, each plant can produce full quant of strawberries. Most of these plants multiply themselves. A first time purchase of 25 plants turns into 250 plants after one year. It can be grown from seeds as well. Seeds can be kept in well lighted room in direct sunlight for 2-3 weeks when it should germinate.Soil be kept moist, slightly acidic, well lighted and warm. Strawberries are grown best in Temperate climate  It requires...

Money is not an organic creature but it keeps changing within the society and economic conditions. One rupee in 1947 is not the same one rupee today, both in terms of its purchasing power and appearance. As of today, amid a rise in Global oil prices, Geopolitical uncertainty and decline in the Rupee, fuel prices have witnessed a sharp hike across the country. Rise in crude oil prices has a direct impact on GDP. A weak rupee means a good market for exporters and the biggest loser is the consumer. Following steps may prevent further depreciation of Rupee and to make currency strong:- 1) Govt. should take steps to boost exports intensive sector and develop import substituting     industries to make India less dependent on Imports. 2) Deregulation of Interest rates on deposits from Non resident Indians. 3) Govt. should sell Forex reserves and buy Rupee as an immediate action to arrest decline      in Rupee. 4) Curb speculative trading. 5) Making Gov...

Organic Farming is a production system which avoids or largely excludes the use of synthetically compounded fertilizers. Pesticides, Growth regulars, genetically modified organisms and Livestock additives. Main reason for farmers wanting to farm organically are the concerns of environment about working with conventional farming systems. Consumers purchase organic foods which are free from chemical pesticides or grown without conventional fertilizers. Product, taste concerns for environment & desire to avoid foods from genetically engineered organisms are among the main reasons, consumers prefer to buy organic foods products. Following steps be kept in focus while considering to start an organic farm:-  1. Gather knowledge of Organic farming.  2. Site is important.  3. Match Land with what it is best for.  4. Know the market.  5. Prepare soil and  good compost.  6. Take care of what you plant.  7. Join community support society...

Mushroom is an excellent source of Protein,Vitamins, Folic Acid and Iron. There are three types of mushrooms which need separate processes. These are: Button Mushroom (popular one), Oyster (Dhingri) and Paddy Straw Mushroom. GROWTH Mushroom grow from Spores not seeds. Spores does not contain chlorophyll to begin germinating. Mushrooms can be grown organically at home also. As mentioned, spores need grain, wooden chips, sawdust, wooden plugs & liquid for nourishment. A blend of spores is called Spawn. Spawn support growth of mushrooms tiny, white, thread line roots called Mycelium. Mushroom need dark, cool, moist & humid growing environments. It grows best in tempratures between 55-60 degrees F. Some mushrooms grow outside in prepared ground or logs, process takes long period than in the controlled environment inside. Three types of Mushrooms are grown which needs separate processes. White button mushroom need to be grown on composted manure, Oyster mushrooms (Dhin...